The Harlem Renaissance was the era which promoted the African American cultural movement (Herringshaw 7). African American style of art became popular during the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance introduced new styles of music such as spirituals, ragtime, and blues, which led to jazz(Herringshaw 77). Musician during the Harlem Renaissance contributed to development of African American culture. Moreover, some artists attempted to solve the identity problems. Especially women musicians established both African American culture and their identity. Blues women challenged to reshape the gender stereotypes in their songs (Davis 61). They created the image of tough and independent women. Also, They challenged identity issues as black women (Wall 18). Cabaret singers contributed to prevalence of African American style of music around the world. This collection will examine who those women musicians were during the Harlem Renaissance and how they influenced society. This collection will be helpful for students who would like to learn Harlem Renaissance female singers.

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Citation/References

Bracks, Lean'tin L., and Jessie Carney Smith. Black Women of the Harlem Renaissance Era, Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 16 Oct. 2014, ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/reader.action?docID=1832601. Accessed 20 October 2021.

Davis, Angela Y. “Blues Legacies and Black Feminism Gertrude ‘Ma’ Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday / Angela Y. Davis.” Black Thought and Culture, Electronic Reproduction. Alexandria, VA : Alexander Street Press, 2005, search-alexanderstreet-com.libproxy.temple.edu/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3995960#page/12/mode/1/chapter/bibliographic_entity%7Cdocument%7C3995961.  Accessed 16 October 2021.

Herringshaw, DeAnn. Harlem Renaissance, 2012, web-s-ebscohost-com.libproxy.temple.edu/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/ZTcwMHhuYV9fMzk1MDM0X19BTg2?sid=41bfbde3-fd23-4196-8f2d-d8f4d7bca71c%40redis&vid=0&format=EB&lpid=lp_76&rid=0.  Accessed 27 October 2021.

novonine. “Gertrude 'Ma' Rainey - Prove It on Me Blues.” Youtube, 7 Nov. 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRyaUcVfhak.  Accessed 21 October 2021.

RagtimeDorianHenry. “Bessie Smith (down Hearted Blues, 1923) Jazz Legend .” Youtube, 4 June 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=go6TiLIeVZA. Accessed 21 October 2021.

Steichen, Edward Jean. “Florence Mills.” National Portrait Gallery, 1924, npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2005.36?destination=node%2F63231%3Fedan_q%3Dflorence%2520mills. Accessed 16 October 2021.

Sullivan, Steve. Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Scarecrow Press, 4 Oct. 2013, ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/templeuniv-ebooks/reader.action?docID=1466981. Accessed 21 October 2021.

TheLandOfMarcos. “Mamie Smith - Crazy Blues (1920) .” Youtube, 13 Aug. 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaz4Ziw_CfQ. Accessed 21 October 2021.

Traube, Lenny. “Portrait of Adelaide Hall.” Library of Congress, 11 Apr. 1961, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2019630503/.

Van Vechten, Carl. “Portrait of Bessie Smith Holding Feathers.” Library of Congress, 3 Feb. 1936, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004663573/. Accessed 3 October 2021.

Van Vechten, Carl. “Portrait of Ethel Waters, Cabin in the Sky.” Library of Congress, 17 Nov. 1940, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004663698/. Accessed 3 October 2021.

Van Vechten, Carl. “Portrait of Josephine Baker, Paris.” Library of Congress, 20 Oct. 1949, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004662545/. Accessed 3 October 2021.

Van Vechten, Carl. “Portrait of Lena Horne.” Library of Congress, 1941, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004663037/. Accessed 3 October 2021